Kids don’t merely sap a family’s bank accounts—they also tax their parents’ psyches, according to a new study.

Children introduce high levels of financial stress into families, even wealthy ones, according to a new study from Chicago-based Spectrem Group. 

Spectrem found that affluent clients, those with more than $500,000 in net worth, felt pressured by the competing demands of retirement saving, day-to-day expenses and meeting their children’s needs.

While 62 percent of childless affluent investors said that they expected to live comfortably during retirement, just 51 percent of the mass affluent with dependent children said the same.

Similarly, millionaires, those with AUM of $1 million or more, also felt less secure after having children. While 81 percent of the childless millionaires expected to live comfortably in retirement, that number drops to 70 percent for millionaires with dependent children.

Overall,14 percent of investors felt they were not saving enough to meet their financial goals. But when the survey focused on families with dependent children, 37 percent of affluent households and 27 percent of millionaires were concerned about their ability to save.

With children come concerns about debt, says Spectrem. More than 30 percent of mass affluent investors with dependent children,and almost 20 percent of millionaires with dependent children, reported concern about the amount of debt they carry, which Spectrem says is 12 to 14 percent higher than those without dependent children.

Though children weigh on families’ present finances, they buoy financial outlooks, even for ultra-high-net-worth families, which Spectrem defines as those with more than $5 million in investable assets.

When asked about their outlook one year from now, 42 percent of ultra-high-net-worth families with no dependent children felt their financial situation will be stronger, compared to 58 percent of families with dependent children. When millionaires were asked about their 12-month outlook, 43 percent of those without children said that they would be stronger financially, compared to 58 percent of those with children.

Spectrem periodically surveys between 25,000 and 30,000 wealthy American households for its indices and outlook studies. This latest survey was conducted in September.