• Market expectations for Federal Reserve rate hikes are too low considering developments in fundamental economic data.
• The U.S. economy is near full employment and inflation is approaching the Fed’s target 2% rate.
• Market expectations will eventually align with economic fundamentals, which point toward higher interest rates over the next year.


Divergence between market expectations and Federal Reserve outlook
The Federal Reserve and the market are strange bedfellows. The Fed is ponderous and deliberate, while the market has recurring and often wild mood swings. As the market interprets economic data and messaging from the Fed, it cycles through periods of accelerating and dampening expectations. Today the market is dampening expectations: economic fundamentals remain solid enough for interest rates to gradually rise, but markets are expecting the Fed to raise rates just once in the next 12 months.

The market’s view seems increasingly disconnected from the fundamentals of the U.S. economy. While not exciting or overwhelming, fundamentals show a healthy economy with inflation approaching the Fed’s 2% target and near-full employment.

Inflation measures approaching Fed’s 2% target
After a period of extraordinarily low inflation in the U.S., many of the higher quality measures of inflation are near or above the Fed’s 2% target. Perhaps the most important for the Fed, core Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) inflation sits at 1.65%, up from 1.3% last September. Other similar measures, like core Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation and sticky core CPI, have been above 2% for nearly six months. These core inflation measures capture the underlying trend of prices without shocks from volatile goods like food and energy.


Sources: Bloomberg, Columbia Management Investment Advisers, LLC, May 20, 2016

 

Wage growth trending upward
Contributing to higher inflation is a nascent upward trend in wage growth. Our preferred measure, the Atlanta Fed Wage Growth Tracker, has registered at above 3% for five months. Not only is this positive for personal income and consumer spending for the rest of the year, but it should also contribute to inflation reaching the Fed’s target sooner rather than later.

This wage growth is a product of the U.S. labor market nearing full employment, with job growth of approximately 200,000 each month for most of the past two years. While the most recent job growth data disappointed markets, expectations of job growth should adjust down to a more realistic 150,000-160,000 per month. With adjusted expectations, the current magnitude of growth is still relatively good for an economy with 5% unemployment.


Sources: Bloomberg, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Columbia Management Investment Advisers, LLC, May 20, 2016

GDP growth slow, but steady
At an annualized rate of 1.9%, real GDP growth is slow, but not nearing a recession. Growth in the first quarter was well below this trend, but first quarter GDP has been notoriously low over the past several years and has bounced back in the subsequent three quarters. We believe the potential growth rate for the U.S. economy is approximately 2%. And while we strongly believe expectations about growth must be recalibrated for this slow growth environment, early projections for second-quarter GDP growth are encouraging, with the Atlanta Fed’s GDPNow Tracker forecasting 2.5%. That level of growth would help ease concern over growth in the first quarter, however messy that number was.

Gap between market expectations and Fed views will narrow
It’s easy to be less than ecstatic about the state of the U.S. economy, but it continues to move along at a steady speed. The fundamentals point toward higher interest rates over the next year, and almost certainly more than the market is currently expecting. The divergence between market views and Fed views will narrow, and as it reverts to a more neutral stance, the market will expect more rate increases.
 

Alex Christensen is associate analysts, global rates and currencies at Columbia Threadneedle Investments.

Edward Al-Hussainy is senior rates analyst at Columbia Threadneedle Investments.