The Federal Reserve is casting a long shadow over the world’s biggest bond market, derailing a classic recovery trade and underscoring how an era of central-bank intervention will reverberate for some time to come.
The mere hint that the Fed may take additional steps to hold down long-term rates is causing Treasury traders to scale back so-called steepener bets -- a tried-and-true strategy that has generated big profits over the years as economic rebounds pushed yields higher. Barclays Plc is keeping a lid on the size of its positions. Incapital is using options, rather than actual bonds, for a hedged -- and more cautious -- riff on the trade. And Nick Maroutsos of Janus Henderson Investors says some “could get flattened” by the wager.
It’s the latest example of how the Fed’s outsized presence in markets, which began with the 2008 financial crisis and shows no signs of ending, is distorting traditional trading strategies: It’s squelching volatility, adding fuel to a record-setting advance in stocks, leaving credit markets priced to perfection, and curbing Treasury yields at levels that no longer fully reflect market sentiment or investors’ belief in the economy.
Were it not for Fed policy makers frequently affirming that they’ll do whatever it takes to bolster the economy -- comments that accentuate the commitment they made this summer to keep rates low for as long as they can -- the 10-year yield would likely already have bounced back above 1%. Perhaps, well above it, some say. Instead, it’s edged lower every time it’s come close to that level since March, dragged down by traders worried the Fed could adjust its bond purchases as soon as next week’s meeting. Policy makers have said a hard cap on yields remains in their toolbox.
“It’s hard for a trader to have any conviction, when you are just one announcement away from the Fed crushing your trade,” said Patrick Leary, senior trader and chief market strategist for Incapital, a Chicago-based underwriter and distributor of corporate bonds. “You don’t want to put it all out there or ride a trade for too long.”
For months, investors have been trained to buy bonds on price dips, given the perceived readiness of the Fed to prevent an alarming increase in rates. Even when last week delivered one of the biggest daily spikes of 2020, 10-year Treasury yields failed to breach 1%. They’re now at about 0.9% -- despite similar-maturity breakeven rates continuing to rise as stock and metals markets price in reflation. The yield curve from 2 to 10 years, after touching a three-year high above 80 basis points on Dec. 4, has also retreated.
Double-Edged Sword
Higher yields are a double-edged sword for the Fed. On the one hand, they can signal greater confidence in the recovery and, indeed, officials might even welcome them if they’re accompanied by rising inflation expectations. But the flip side is that rates that climb too much also raise long-term borrowing costs, which is one of the last things the economy needs with the pandemic raging and millions still out of work.
With market expectations for Fed action tamping down yields, traditional signals sent by those rates have become less reliable for interpreting investor sentiment. What’s more, low rates have diminished the returns from bonds that many investors count on to offset any equities losses, forcing them to seek new hedges.
“The Fed’s manipulation of the bond market is good in theory, but producing multiple reactions with unintended consequences,” said Larry Milstein, senior managing director and head of government debt trading at R.W. Pressprich & Co. in New York. “The Fed is the 800-pound gorilla in the room, and there’s a risk that it could step in at any time and flatten the curve.”
Speculation is rife that the central bank will either offer guidance on or adjust its bond-buying program as soon as its meeting on Dec. 15-16. The majority view is that it will ultimately shift its purchases -- now totaling about $80 billion a month in Treasuries -- more to longer maturities, if needed, to support economic bright spots such as housing as the pandemic rages on.
Proactive Year
It’s certainly been a year in which the Fed has dug deep. From the initial rate cuts and emergency aid programs of March to its decision to place inflation at the heart of its monetary policy, the central bank has taken a proactive approach, with officials reiterating their sensitivity to markets. Fed Chair Jerome Powell has repeated that he’s “not even thinking about thinking about raising rates,” Richard Clarida -- his deputy -- has said yield-curve control is still part of the Fed’s tool kit, and Randal Quarles, vice chair for supervision, opened the door to unending quantitative-easing to support Treasury trading.
Still, that’s not stopped the likes of Bank of America Corp. and Societe Generale SA from recommending steepeners this year on expectations that stimulus by both the government and central bank will bolster the economy and boost yields. But Goldman Sachs Group Inc. has shifted to a more nuanced view, targeting a steeper curve via forward contracts instead of spot positions.