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Oil prices are edging higher. What about royalty streams? Many mineral rights owners are in the dark.

When Woody Guthrie penned "This Land Is Your Land," he overlooked a hefty chunk of what was "made for you and me." The wheat fields, the redwood forests - all well and good. But what about the bounty below the surface: the gold and silver, the oil and gas? Now it may well be that drilling and mining simply flew in the face of Guthrie's aesthetic and political sensibilities. Or perhaps the singer discovered just how complicated mineral rights can be.

Even the basic issue of who owns what underground can be perplexing, in part because of the history of land rights in the United States. "A hundred years ago a property's surface rights and its mineral rights were usually controlled by the same person," says Dick Sadler, national executive of the Oil, Gas and Minerals Group of U.S. Trust. "But today that's actually the exception. One parcel of land may well involve dozens of mineral owners." What's more, he adds, "they all may have leased their rights to an oil and gas corporation."

MOW LAWN. DRILL BOREHOLD?
Letting a drilling company do all the heavy lifting has long been standard practice. But this is not to say that rights holders have it easy. Indeed, mineral leasing involves deeds and contracts that, as Sadler puts it, "can be extraordinarily complicated legal documents with certain clauses - royalty clauses and pooling clauses among them - that can change the mineral owner's share of production dramatically. The documents can also identify multiple postproduction expenses, such as for compression, dehydration and transportation." Each type of interest, moreover, has varying property rights and participates differently in the exploration process. Little wonder, as Sadler suggests, that some individuals struggle to understand which kind of rights they own.

One particularly involved contractual relationship is the working interest. In contrast to a royalty contract, it obliges the rights owner to take into consideration certain expenses, such as drilling and equipment, as well as monthly operating costs. These are usually presented in an Authorization for Expenditure (AFE).

As Bob Maxwell, senior vice president and petroleum engineering manager with the Oil, Gas and Minerals Group, explains, "the AFE is a complex document that operators send out for certain well operations, such as drilling new wells or applying new technology to old wells. They prepare AFEs based on what their engineers propose regarding operations on the lease. For exploratory drilling, the goal is to find and develop the oil and gas reserves under a lease. For a lease that already produces oil and gas, the intent is to improve its profitability by increasing revenues or reducing operating expenses." A full analysis of an AFE can take time. "But under some joint operating agreements, nonoperating working interest owners may have as little as 15 days in which to choose to participate in an operation," says Maxwell. "If they fail to respond in that time, they stand to lose the right to take part."

As for royalties, any shortfall stands to be greater when oil, for instance, is at or near a price peak. During the past two years, the cost of a barrel of crude has fluctuated widely. In 2008 it hit a high above $130, fell to $30 for a while and then climbed again, to a mid range of about $80 for much of 2009. At the end of the year, a barrel was going for $76.1 Keep in mind, of course, that these numbers reflect energy usage today. With China and India now modernizing in earnest, global competition for resources is already intensifying. Over time, America seems almost certain to rely more heavily on domestic oil and gas production, alternative energy sources notwithstanding. And that will almost surely have an effect on energy prices.

MINING THE (MINING) DATA
Well-informed mineral owners are out there, says Maxwell, "yet over the years we have found that a surprising number of rights holders are hard-pressed to answer a few important questions. Do you have a complete inventory of your interests? Are you getting paid for all the products from your producing properties? Are you getting a reasonable price for these products? What deductions are coming out of your royalty stream?" No surprise, perhaps, that "all too many individuals - as well as foundations - simply cash their royalty checks with little or no awareness of how big the dollar amount should actually be," says Sadler.

But it does not have to be that way. After all, most people with sizable stock and bond portfolios routinely hire professional managers to run them. They can certainly do the same for their oil, gas and mineral portfolios. And yet, both Sadler and Maxwell acknowledge, many are reluctant to do so. Why would that be? "Perhaps they are not sure what we do," both managers say.

Sadler explains the role from his perspective. "We strive to help mineral owners by scrutinizing lease rights, contracts, projected oil prices and information from a database of well histories," he says. "We have specialists on our staff, such as petroleum landmen, title analysts, division order analysts, geologists and petroleum engineers. We believe these professionals are essential to properly manage an oil, gas and mineral portfolio."

"Without the proper expertise, clients may be losing a lot of money over the lifetime of a well," Maxwell adds. "So we aggressively negotiate with the oil and gas companies in order to obtain favorable terms for our clients. Beyond that, as part of Bank of America's Specialty Asset Management (SAM) group, we can serve our clients even more effectively - by partnering with other SAM divisions, such as Timberland, Farm and Ranch Services and Real Estate."

In other words, they can offer expertise above ground and below, in most states. From California to the New York Island and beyond.

By Ian Prior, U.S. Trust

Opinions expressed in this article are those of the featured participants and may differ from those of U.S. Trust and/or Bank of America Corporation and its affiliates. This article is designed to provide general information about ideas and strategies. It is for discussion purposes only, since the availability and effectiveness of any strategy is dependent upon your individual facts and circumstances. Information in this material is not intended to constitute legal, tax or investment advice. You should consult your legal, tax and financial advisors before making any decisions. If any information is deemed "written advice" within the meaning of IRS Regulations, please note the following: IRS Circular 230

Disclosure: Pursuant to IRS Regulations, neither the information nor any advice contained in this communication is intended or written to be used, and cannot be used, for the purpose of (i) avoiding tax-related penalties or (ii) promoting, marketing or recommending to another party any transaction or matter addressed herein. Investing in fixed-income securities may involve certain risks, including the credit quality of individual issuers, possible prepayments, market or economic developments, and yields and share price fluctuations due to changes in interest rates. When interest rates go up, bond prices typically drop, and vice versa. There are special risks associated with an investment in commodities, including market price fluctuations, regulatory changes, interest-rate changes, credit risk, economic changes and the impact of adverse political or financial factors. The information and views contained in this article as of the date noted are for informational purposed only and do not contend to address the financial objectives, situation or specific needs of any individual investor. The information presented does not constitute, and should not be construed as, any advice or recommendations by U.S. Trust, Bank of America Corporation or any of its affiliates. Moreover, neither the information nor any opinion expressed constitutes a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any investment or security. Information in this material is not intended to constitute legal, tax, or investment advice. You should consult your legal, tax and financial advisors before making any financial decisions. Forecasts and model results are inherently limited and should not be relied upon as an indicator of future performance. The information presented in the article is not necessarily representative of the opinions and views of Bank of America Corporation or any of its affiliates. U.S. Trust, Bank of America Private Wealth Management operates through Bank of America, N.A. and other subsidiaries of Bank of America Corporation. Bank of America, N.A., Member FDIC. Equal Housing Lender

©2010 Bank of America Corporation. All rights reserved. Date of First Use: March 1, 2010

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