The plan could dramatically rewrite tax rules for wealthy Americans and businesses.
Janet Yellen warned her department will effectively run out of cash without legislative action.
Joe Manchin's concerns could challenge efforts to get the tax-and-spending plan through the evenly divided Senate in the coming weeks.
Student loan debt has almost doubled in the past decade, according to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
Democrats still intend to pass trillions of dollars in new spending unilaterally via reconciliation.
President Joe Biden is close to a revenue-neutral agreement with the bipartisan coalition.
But progressives are eager to push legislation without compromise or Republican votes.
While Republicans seem open to compromise, they're well short of the president's multi-trillion dollar ask.
The proposal is dividing Democrats, while Republicans are uniting to oppose the potential tax hikes.
The earnings cap for receiving a payment would drop from $100,000 to $80,000 for individual taxpayers.