(Bloomberg News) This is not your mother's recovery.
Women and baby boomers entering the American workforce after 1950 helped to supercharge expansions in 1975 and 1983 by filling an increasing number of jobs and purchasing more goods and services. Now as the share of women with jobs falls and older Americans age into retirement, the shrinking -- or, at best, slowly growing -- workforce will weaken economic activity for the next two decades.
The demographic changes may be the biggest and least-appreciated reason why the two-year recovery has slowed, because the rate of growth for labor and capital is "the most important determinant" of economic expansion, said James Paulsen, chief investment strategist for Wells Capital Management in Minneapolis.
More retirees mean slower household formation, reduced consumer spending and downward pressure on equity prices as retirement cuts people's purchasing power, according to John Lonski, chief economist at Moody's Capital Markets Group in New York, and Gus Faucher, director of macroeconomics at Moody's Analytics Inc. in West Chester, Pennsylvania.
Household purchases rose at an average annual pace of 3.2 percent in the quarter century that began in 1972, when the oldest of the boomers turned 26, and averaged 2.8 percent since 1996, when they turned 50, according to Lonski. He forecasts the decline will continue, to between 2 percent and 2.5 percent a year, as growth slows for Americans aged 15 to 49.
"A weaker labor force does dampen the pace of the rebound," along with "our expectation for what an expansionary trend is," said Dean Maki, chief U.S. economist at Barclays Capital Inc. in New York. "We should be lowering our sights on potential GDP compared to when our population was younger."
Growth 'Speed Limit'
Anemic gains in the number of new workers has effectively cut the long-term "speed limit for growth" to 2.25 percent, estimates Maki, a former senior economist at the Federal Reserve. That compares with the Fed's estimated 2.5 percent to 2.8 percent rate for gross domestic product and average growth of 3.2 percent from 1980 to 2000.
Automakers General Motors Co., Ford Motor Co. and Toyota Motor Corp., motorcycle maker Harley-Davidson Inc. and natural- foods grocer Whole Foods Market Inc. may be hurt by the shift because most retirees will cut spending on big-ticket items and nonessentials, said C. Britt Beemer, chairman of America's Research Group in Charleston, S.C., a consulting company that studies consumer behavior.
"Older people tend to have lower incomes, their consumption tends to be lower and in that sense, consumer-spending growth would be weaker as well," said Moody's Faucher. "There will be fewer people in prime car-buying years," and "recreational goods and services are a young-adult thing."