With Halloween over the weekend, what better to write about this week than what scares us? If our positive near-term market outlook proves to be overly optimistic, we believe one—or perhaps more than one—of these five things will likely be the culprit: inflation, an aggressive Federal Reserve, profit margin pressures, pulling forward of seasonal gains and potentially overly bullish sentiment.
Inflation
Central bankers are slowly acknowledging that inflation may be stickier than expected and that risks continue to tilt to the upside. At the same time, the baseline view remains that inflation will settle back toward historical norms over time. How long will that take? While inflation has come down some recently, we believe there may be another leg higher in the fourth quarter or early next year as the post-surge reopening pushes prices higher in areas where it had paused or declined as economic activity slowed, such as air fares, lodging, and used cars.
The consensus expectation of Bloomberg-surveyed economists is that Consumer Price Index (CPI) year-trailing inflation will fall to 3.3% by the end of 2022 and 2.3% at the end of 2023. Many consumers, though, are finding inflation risks scarier, both due to sensitivity to prices in grocery stores and at the pump—and heavy news coverage. The wild card remains how long it will take supply chain disruptions to sort themselves out—they’ve been a key source of imbalances between supply and demand that have pushed prices higher.
Also consider that the secular forces that put downward pressure on inflation for the past several decades (technology, “Amazon effect,” demographics, etc.) remain in place.
Aggressive Federal Reserve
Since March 2020, the Federal Reserve (Fed) has supported the economy and financial markets by purchasing $120 billion in U.S. Treasury and mortgage securities each month and keeping short-term interest rates near zero. As the economy continues to recover, however, the need for continued monetary support wanes. As such, the Fed is expected to fully end its bond buying programs by mid-2022 with interest rate hikes. In our view, this is likely coming in early 2023.
The big wildcard remains how “sticky” inflation will be throughout 2022. As noted above, we think current inflationary pressures will abate over the next six to 12 months. However, if inflation is stickier than we are anticipating and the Fed is forced to aggressively respond early next year—first by potentially speeding up its tapering plans, and then by increasing short-term interest rates—economic growth will likely be negatively impacted. While we expect an orderly withdrawal of monetary support, an aggressive Fed reaction function to sustained inflationary pressures would likely spook financial markets.
Profit Margin Pressure
Third-quarter earnings results have been good overall. Companies have generally done an excellent job managing through supply chain disruptions, labor and materials shortages, and related cost pressures. Despite a high bar, a solid 82% of the roughly 280 S&P 500 companies that have reported have exceeded earnings targets.
But there are reasons for concern. Profit margins are well above their pre-pandemic highs and carry downside risk. With labor in short supply (10.4 million job openings according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, about 3 million above pre-pandemic levels), employers are having to pay up for talent. Wage growth accelerated to 4.6% year over year in September and will likely rise further—on top of the shortages of materials that push the prices up for manufacturers.
These pressures on companies’ costs could impair profit margins if they continue to build. Consumers and businesses can afford to pay higher prices now but may balk at some point. For now, strong revenue growth is overshadowing these margin pressures but with stock valuations elevated, it’s important that earnings come through or markets may get spooked.
Seasonal Gains May Have Come Early
Stocks had one of their best Octobers ever, with the S&P 500 Index up more than 6% in the first month of the historically strong fourth quarter. But that’s the problem: October very well could have stolen some of the gains we usually see later in the year. The S&P 500 has historically gained 3.3%, on average, the final two months of the year. But, when the S&P 500 is up more than 5% in October, that average gain drops to 2.1% with a median of only 1.1%. After the year we’ve had, we don’t think anyone would have any issue with only modest additional upside through year-end, but we’d temper expectations on just how much green we could have the final two months. Some of the risks on this list could easily lead to another pullback like the one stocks experienced in September despite the generally positive economic and earnings backdrop.