Asheville, North Carolina, has a growing population, a burgeoning beer industry and a big slice of the billions of dollars tourists spend each year visiting the Blue Ridge Mountains. It also has $390 million of work it wants to do on its infrastructure.
What the city hasn’t been doing is running up debt to pay for it, with its 92,500 residents on the hook for only about $78 each for bonds backed by the general government budget. “We have a lot of people politely asking, ‘You’re a AAA city and your roads are terrible,’” said Vijay Kapoor, a city councilman. “What gives?”
That’s the paradox of America’s states and cities. The decade-long economic expansion has left surpluses where there were once deficits, interest rates are veering back toward more than half-century lows and there’s hundreds of billions of dollars of spending needed to refurbish roads, sewers and public transportation systems. Yet around the country, governments are showing little interest in borrowing money, cautious that a recession that by some measures seems overdue could resurrect the years of austerity that followed the last one.
The fiscal restraint has turned the $3.8 trillion municipal-bond market into the only major corner of American finance where the amount of debt is shrinking, with borrowing by businesses and consumers steadily on the rise, according to Federal Reserve Board figures. It also stands in stark contrast with the federal government, whose rising deficits have caused the amount of outstanding Treasury debt to more than double since 2010 to almost $16 trillion. States and have paid off bonds, leaving owing $143 billion less than they did nine years ago.
Staying Debt-Shy
“There’s this political sentiment or political culture that makes it difficult to raise taxes or issue debt,” said Tracy Gordon, a senior fellow at the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, who researches public finance issues.
The reduced debt load is positive for the finances of American states, whose swelling tax collections have allowed them to continue to invest in public works while stockpiling cash to weather the next economic contraction. It’s also been lauded on Wall Street, where investors have bid up the prices of state government bonds. But the aversion to debt has left them missing an opportunity to borrow at low rates for the $2 trillion of additional spending that the American Society of Civil Engineers says is needed over the next decade to fix the nation’s infrastructure.
“There simply needs to be more infrastructure borrowing,” said Philip Fischer, head of municipal-bond strategy at Bank of America Corp., the biggest underwriter of state and local-government debt. “It has to happen. There’s nothing to compete with a plain old revenue bond.”
Instead of selling debt, states are increasingly paying for infrastructure projects using cash, according to a June 3 report from Moody’s Investors Service. The company said bonds only account for 26% of what states spent on transportation in 2018, down from 35% in 2011.
Debt Aversion
While the aversion to debt isn’t universal -- with the new governors of California and Illinois both moving to step up borrowing for public works -- it cuts across the political spectrum. In Connecticut, the new Democratic governor, Ned Lamont, has proposed curbing debt sales as he contends with large liabilities to employee retirement funds
Ohio Republicans deemed it better to raise taxes than to borrow money. This year, they passed the first gas-tax increase since 2005 to raise an estimated $865 million a year for road projects. As part of his pitch to lawmakers, Governor Mike DeWine, a Republican, condemned the use of debt by the state transportation department.