The U.S. yield curve steepened Monday amid uncertainty over how far the Federal Reserve will need to hike rates to stem inflation running at the fastest pace in 40 years.
The gap between five- and 30-year rates grew to the widest in just over six weeks as long-dated bonds came under pressure. Two-year notes -- the most sensitive to changes in policy -- rallied, with yields falling as much as six basis points.
The moves cap a remarkable selloff in government bonds as central banks round the world over pare pandemic-era stimulus and comes as investors wait for April U.S. consumer-price data due Wednesday. The Fed has raised rates by 75 basis points so far this year and signaled more tightening to come.
“This bear steepening move is a tacit reminder to Fed speakers that if they back down too soon at fighting inflation that market forces will step in and push on the parts that hurt the most,” said George Goncalves, head of U.S. macro strategy at MUFG Securities Americas Inc, pointing to the housing market and other financial assets exposed to rising long-term interest rates.
The pace of the rout has caught many traders off-guard. Just over a week ago, a survey by Bloomberg’s Market Live showed 24% of readers thought 10-year yields wouldn’t break above 3.15% this year. They rose seven basis points to 3.20% on Monday. The 10-year real yield has surged to 0.3%, a level last seen before the pandemic in July 2019.
“The market still remains in poor shape,” said Christoph Rieger, head of fixed-rate strategy at Commerzbank AG. “It is remarkable that the post-Fed sell-off has actually been driven by long-end real yields. This points towards the market re-assessing the terminal rate that is needed to get inflation under control.”
While Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell last week played down the option of a jumbo 75 basis-point rate hike, Richmond Fed President Thomas Barkin said in an interview on Friday that nothing was off the table.
“The market appeared to start coming around to our view that the Fed has much more tightening to do,” Deutsche Bank strategists including Jim Reid wrote wrote in a note, commenting on last week’s moves.
Traders are fully pricing further half-point hikes at the Fed’s next two decisions, with around 200 basis points of tightening seen between now and the end of the year. The yield on the five-year tenor earlier rose to the highest level since September 2008, extending an advance that has seen it more than double this year.
Yields may also be under upward pressure across the curve this week as the Treasury department will auction three-, 10- and 30-year debt worth $103 billion in total.