Media
Advertising-reliant media companies like ITV Plc, Britain’s biggest free-to-air commercial broadcaster, have suffered due to firms cutting marketing budgets to preserve profit margins. A bellwether for sentiment among U.K. firms, and also under threat from Netflix and Amazon, ITV’s shares are down 40 percent since the Brexit vote.

Newspapers such as The Guardian and the Brexit-backing Daily Express are feeling the pinch too, while the industry was stockpiling newsprint and ink to protect against Brexit disruption.

International media firms like Discovery Inc have been relocating their European headquarters onto the continent away from London, to ensure they can continue to beam channels across the EU.

Trade
Importers are having to spend money on warehousing and extra storage facilities as they build Brexit stockpiles, worried about potential disruptions to goods coming in. They’re also spending on building new IT systems to handle trade and employing customs advisers.

Exporters, such as British meat companies, are starting to see orders cancelled because overseas buyers don’t want to run the risk of costs rising due to new tariffs or delays at ports.

Pharmaceuticals
The departure of the European Medicines Agency to Amsterdam has wounded Britain’s stature and sparked worries about potential delays to drug approvals. The agency had been in London for 22 years.

The EMA, which oversees drugs for about 500 million people, has also stopped assigning work to the U.K.’s pharmaceutical regulator, unsure whether the two organizations will still be collaborating after Brexit.

Drug companies have been spending money to expand testing facilities in the EU and safeguard their ability to market across the bloc. The money, the industry argues, could have been spent on developing new treatments.

Agriculture
Farmers are reducing the size of sheep flocks and postponing buying equipment because of the prospect of export tariffs in a no-deal Brexit that would hamper trade. They’re also stocking up on essentials like fertilizers and fuel.

Credit
Uncertainty about the pound and the economy have exacerbated a decline in sterling’s role in global credit markets. Overseas non-financial companies only sold 7 billion pounds of notes last year, less than half the amount issued in 2017, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.