One example of a changing approach to tax increases can be seen in the state sales tax, said William Fox, a business professor at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, who studies the subject.
During the 1980s recession, about 30 states raised their rates, he said. The number of states that enacted increases fell to about 20 during the 1990s and continued to decline during the 2000s to the mid-teens, Fox said.
"The pressure is ever-stronger on keeping taxes low," he said. "If you went back into the 1980s, when money got tight in state governments, particularly during recessions, what you would get is a wave of tax-rate increases," he said. "While that is true today, the propensity for that to take place has fallen over time."
The impact of politicians’ reluctance to raise taxes has been felt in the municipal market. New-money municipal issuance has averaged $150 billion annually from 2011 to 2015, which is a marked decline from the previous 10 years, according to an April report by Citigroup Inc.
New-money issuance averaged $242 billion annually during 2001 to 2010, Citigroup found. "In other words, state and local debt as a source of funding for needed projects has been running, on an inflation adjusted basis, at least 45 percent lower over the past five years than it was over the prior 10," Citigroup said in the report.
"State and local governments aren’t able to keep up with new project funding needs and urgently needed major maintenance and replacements, and the extent to which they are falling behind continues to grow," Citigroup said.
This reduced level of borrowing is "astonishing" given the state of the country’s infrastructure, said Citigroup strategist George Friedlander. "The Republican tax pledge still exists — ‘we will not raise taxes in any way that is not offset by reductions in spending somewhere else,”’ he said. "That’s a big issue. The whole concept of cost-benefit when it comes to infrastructure has vanished. It is not part of the discussion right now.
"Is there a benefit in raising spending on infrastructure which, in terms of keeping us competitive with the rest of the world, will pay an economic benefit down the road? Well, probably, yeah, but nobody cares."
Additionally, politicians’ concerns about raising taxes are preventing them from taking advantage of historic low interest rates, said Michael Mazerov, a senior fellow with the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. "In most cases, those services and the infrastructure is going to be paid through bonding," he said. "Interest rates are so low now that this is a time when states should be investing in infrastructure."
Governments only have a few choices when budgets get tight — taxes are one of the only ways they can generate revenue. Another option is to refinance debt to delay final repayment. This can be a "trick" that state and local governments resort to instead of raising taxes, Evans said.